§64] Primitive Germanic Vowel-System 25 became differentiated into the various separate lan- guages :—

Short vowels Long „ Diphthongs

a, e, i, ο, α a, æ, ē, I, ō, ū ai, au, eu, iu

The following table contains the normal development of the above vowel-system in Goth. O.Icel. OS. OHG. and OE. stem-syllables:—

P. Germ. Goth. O.Icel. OS. OHG. OE. a a a a a æ e i e e e *S*-*·!* e i i i i i 1 ο u ο ο ο f^KMl»» ' .... ο u u u u u u a a a ā a ō æ ē a a a •-wi*v· ·. ~™,»~ æ ē ē ē ē ia, (ie) ē ī ei ī ī ī ī ō ō ō ō uo ō ū ū ū ū ū ú ai ái ei ē ei a ! au áu au ō Ott ēa eu iu ' OiK·,·,, ,f, nf iu iu jo jū eo, (io) iu eo, (io) iu .. «-tWíio.·**»*! ēo īo

NOTE,—The table does not include the sound-changes which were caused by umlaut, the influence of neighbouring consonants, &c. For details of this kind the student should consult the grammars of the separate languages.