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§ 130] The First Sound-shifting 5 7

OHG. wl??an, to know; Lat. eđere, Goth, itan, OE. OS. etan, O.Icel. eta, OHG. e^an, to cat.

g>k. Lat. germ, Gr. γό<·υ, Goth, kniu, OE. cnēo, OS. OHG. kneo, O.Icel. knē, knee; Lat. gusto, I taste, Gr. γεύω, 7 let taste, Goth, kiusan, OE. cēosan, OS. OHG. kiosan (keosan), O.Icel. kjōsa, to test, choose: Lat. ager, Gr. άγρ<5$. Goth, akrs, OE. æcer, OS. akkar, OHG. ackar./e/W, land; Lat. ego, Gr. Ιγώ, Goth. OS. ík, OE. ic, O.Icel. ek, OHG. ih, /.

g>k(kw). Lat. gelu, frost, Goth, kalđs, OE. ceald, OS. kalđ, OHG. kalt, O.Icel, kalđr, cold; Lat. augēre, Goth. áukan,O.Icel. auka, OS.okian (wv.), OHG. ouhhōn (vw.), to add, increase, cp. also OE. part. adj. ēacen, great; Lat.jugum, Gr. ζυγοί-, Goth, juk, OE, geoc, OHG.joh,^o£e.

Gr. píos from *g!wos, life, Lat, vīvos (*gwīwos), Goth. qius (gen. qiwis), OE. cwicu, OS. quik, OHG. quec, O.Icel. kvikr, quick, alive; Gr. paíVw for *βα^«, older "Pajyu, I go, Lat. veniō for *gwemjō, / come, Indg. form *gmjo_f Goth, qiman, OHG. queman, OE. OS. cuman, O.Icel. koma, to come; Skr. gurus, Gr. P<xpús, from *gr-rus, Lat. gravis, Goth, kaúrus from prim. Germ. *k(w)uruz, heavy; Gr. ερεβο?, Goth, riqis (stem riqiza·), prim, form ^fregos, darkness; Gr. Boeotian βάνα, Goth, qinō, OE. cwene, OS. OHG. quena, woman, wife.

§ 180. The Indg. tenues aspiratae became voiceless spirants in prim. Germanic, and thus fell together with and underwent all further changes in common with the voiceless spirants which arose from the Indg. tenues (§ 128), the latter having also passed through the intermediate stage of tenues aspiratae before they became spirants. The tenues aspiratae were, however, of so rare occurrence in the prim. Indg. language that two or three examples must suffice for the purposes of this book; for further examples and details, the learner should consult Brugmann's Grundríss der vergleichenden Grammalik der



		§ 130] The First Sound-shifting 5 7 OHG. wl??an, to know; Lat. eđere, Goth, itan, OE. OS. etan, O.Icel. eta, OHG. e^an, to cat. g>k. Lat. germ, Gr. γό<·υ, Goth, kniu, OE. cnēo, OS. OHG. kneo, O.Icel. knē, knee; Lat. gusto, I taste, Gr. γεύω, 7 let taste, Goth, kiusan, OE. cēosan, OS. OHG. kiosan (keosan), O.Icel. kjōsa, to test, choose: Lat. ager, Gr. άγρ<5$. Goth, akrs, OE. æcer, OS. akkar, OHG. ackar./e/W, land; Lat. ego, Gr. Ιγώ, Goth. OS. ík, OE. ic, O.Icel. ek, OHG. ih, /. g>k(kw). Lat. gelu, frost, Goth, kalđs, OE. ceald, OS. kalđ, OHG. kalt, O.Icel, kalđr, cold; Lat. augēre, Goth. áukan,O.Icel. auka, OS.okian (wv.), OHG. ouhhōn (vw.), to add, increase, cp. also OE. part. adj. ēacen, great; Lat.jugum, Gr. ζυγοί-, Goth, juk, OE, geoc, OHG.joh,^o£e. Gr. píos from g!wos, life,* Lat, vīvos (gwīwos), Goth. qius (gen. qiwis), OE. cwicu, OS. quik, OHG. quec, O.Icel. kvikr, quick, alive;* Gr. paíVw for βα^«, older "Pajyu, I go,* Lat. veniō for gwemjō, / come,* Indg. form gmjo_f Goth, qiman, OHG. queman, OE. OS. cuman, O.Icel. koma, to come;* Skr. gurus, Gr. P<xpús, from gr-rus, Lat. gravis, Goth, kaúrus from prim. Germ. k(w)uruz, heavy; Gr. ερεβο?, Goth, riqis (stem riqiza·), prim, form ^fregos, darkness; Gr. Boeotian βάνα, Goth, qinō, OE. cwene, OS. OHG. quena, woman, wife. § 180. The Indg. tenues aspiratae became voiceless spirants in prim. Germanic, and thus fell together with and underwent all further changes in common with the voiceless spirants which arose from the Indg. tenues (§ 128), the latter having also passed through the intermediate stage of tenues aspiratae before they became spirants. The tenues aspiratae were, however, of so rare occurrence in the prim. Indg. language that two or three examples must suffice for the purposes of this book; for further examples and details, the learner should consult Brugmann's Grundríss der vergleichenden Grammalik der