§ 138] Other Consonant Changes 65 The Indg. mediae and mediae aspiratae became tenues before a suffixal t or s already in the pre-Germanic period ;

dt Itt đs Us đht ) đhs )

}kt ι

ght ι ghs

Examples are Lat. nuptum, nūpsī, beside nūbere, to marry; Skr. loc. pi. patsú, beside loc. sing, padí, on foot; Lat. rēxi, rectum, beside regere, to rule ; Lat. vēxī.vectum, beside vehere, to carry, rt. wegh- ; Lat. lectus, Gr. λέχο$, bed, couch, Goth, ligan, to lie down ; Skr. yuktá-, Gr. ζευκτόϊ. Lat. jūnctus, yoked, rt. jeug- ; &c. Then pt, kt, qt ; ps, ks, qs were shifted to ft, \t ; fs, χ8 at the same time as the original Indg. tenues became voiceless spirants (§ 128). And tt, ts became ss through the intermediate stages ofþt, þs respectively, ss then became simplified to s after long syllables and before r, and then between the s and r there was developed a t. This explains the frequent interchange between p, fc(b), and f; between k, g(g), and h (i.e. χ); and between t, þ, đ(d), and ss, s in forms which are etymological ly related. p, 15(b) — f. Goth, skapjan, OE. scieppan, OHG. ske-phen, to create, beside Goth, ga-skafts, creation, OE. ge-sceaft, OHG. gi-scaft, creature; Goth, giban, OHG. geban, to give, beside Goth, fra-gifts, a giving, OE. OHG. gift, gift ; OHG. weban, to weave, beside English weft. k» ${g) — h· Goth, waurkjan, OE. wyrcan, OHG. wurken, to work, beside pret. and pp. Goth, waúrhta, waurhts, OE. worhte, worht, OHG. worhta, gi-worht; Goth, þugkjan, OE. þync(e)an, OHG. dunken, to seem, r