XVI

OUTLINES OF GRAMMAR,

SUBSTANTIVES.

A. STRONG NOUNS, i.e. the more complex kind of Declension in which the gen. sing, ends in a Consonant.

Masculine.
2nd Declension, gen. sing, -ar, nom. pi. -/r. | 3rd Declension, nom. pi. -r.

fund-r
fund-ar
fund-i
fund

fund-i r
fund-a
fund-urn
fund-i

bekk-r
bekk-jar
bekk
bekk

bekk-ir
bekk-ja
bekk-jum
bekk-i

kott-r

katt-ar

kett-i

kOtt

kett-ir
katt-a
kött-um
kott-u

vetr
vetr-ar
vetr-i
vetr

vetr
vetr-a
vetr-um
vetr

eigend-r
eigand-a
eigund-um
eigend-r

SING.

PLUR.

SING.

PLUR.

Neuter.

1st Declension, gen. sing. -s.

and Declension.

klæði
klæði-s
klæði
klæði

klaeði
klæð-a
klæð-um
klæði

ríki
ríki-s
ríki
ríki

ríki
rík-ja
rík-jum
ríki

B. WEAK NOUNS, i.e. the simpler kind of Declension in which the gen. sing, ends in a Vowel.

SING.

PLUR.

Neuter.

hjart-a

hjort-u
hjart-na
hjOrt-um
hjort-u

STRONG NOUNS.—Masculine.

Remarks on the 1st Declension: I. heimr: words
of this form are found almost in every column of the Dictionary,
a.nd are therefore usually only marked ' m.' 2. about half a
score of masculines have a characteristic v, which appears before a
vowel, hor-r, hjör-r, bör-r (poët.), söng-r, má-r, sse-r, snjú-r (sió-r,
snjó-r), sör-var (poet., pi.) ; in dat. sing, hor-vi,... sOng-vi, má-vi,
ssc-vi, snja-vi; in pi. hOr-var, söng-var, snjó-var. The dat. in -vi is now
obsolete, but the pi. is still used. 3. remarks on the inflexion, a.
the nominative : -r assimilates with the final radicals /, n, s : in words
with long root vowel, al-1, gal-1, hval-1, hol-1, kjol-1, stol-1, fil-1, hæl-1,
þræl-1, flein-n, stein-n, svein-n, brún-n, dún-n, hiin-n, ás-s, bás-s, lás-s,
haus-s, hnaus-s, meis-s, ís-s, ós-s, etc. In mod. usage the inflex. -s in
ás-s . .. ós-s is dropped, as is the -r after a radical r, in ur-r, aur-r,
hver-r, her-r, geir-r, leir-r, hör-r, rnör-r, þór-r, hamar-r, and thus the
nom. becomes like the ace., ás, bás,.. . ár, hver, hamar, etc.:—the r
is dropped, in words like aft, gafl, skafl, nagl, vagi, fugl, karl, jarl, iaxl,
lax, hrafn, stafn, ofn, stofn, porn, vagn, svefn, þegn, geisl, gísl, háls,
fress, sess, foss, koss, kross, purs, dans, fans, angr, klungr, hungr, akr,
hafr, sigr, otr, lúðr, hriiðr, naðr, nykr, veðr (me/her), vikr, gróðr, aldr,
Baldr, galdr, öldr, meldr, arðr, hlátr, bólstr, austr, îestr, bakstr, mokstr,

| apaldr. p. the genitive ; graut-r, skog-r, hofund-r have -ar in gen. as
i the 2nd declension. ^-the dative; some words of this declension drop
the -;', but it is difficult to draw an exact line, as this use is rather a
licence than a law :—all the words in -leik-r, kær-leik (charilnti\ fríð-
lcik (venustati), sann-leik (yeritatî); as also leik-r, fil-1, kil-1, skril-1,
(dat. fil. kil, skril), hrepp-r, lepp-r : words with long root vowel and a
final p or f, hóf-r, hóp-r, sop-r : words with ei as root vowel, dat.
hlcif, Hm. 51 (but h!eif-i, 140); svcip, meis, sveig, dverg (but dvcrgi,
Yt. 2), strák, snap, skap, bat and bát-i (scapbne^); |iór, kór, nor, bor,
hor, from þór-r, etc.; daun (odori), dun, Bnin, hiin, nuil, rniir, diir,
etc., for diin-i ... dúr-i, which are obsolete ; so also búk and búk-i, diik
and dúk-i, mug and múg-i, reit and reit-i: those with a long vowel as
final, e.g. jo, skó, ná, Frey, þcy, from jó-r. ..þey-r:—in masculines with
a characteristic v the old dat. form is -vi, whereas the mod. drops both
letters, thus dat. mör, hör, má, snjó, for the old mOr-vi, hör-vi, má-vi,
snjo-vi. Nouns with the inflexive endings -i'tgr, -ungr seldom drop
the i,konung-i,buning-i: words with a radical r never, e.g. galdr- i,aldr-i,
not aldr, galdr: the proper names of this declension very seldom drop
it,.e. g. Jjorîeif-i, Jjorlák-i, Jjorlcik-i: dag-r, dat. deg-i, but as pr. name
Dag. In olci writers many of these apocopate forms begin to appear,
e. g. þór-i (the god) is only found in a single instance used by a poet
of the 8th century; yet the decay of the dat. inflexion is a little