OUTLINES OF GRAMMAR.

PRONOUNS.

INTERROGATIVE.

In plural sense (' who (

Inch of many').

In dual sense ('\

INDEFINITE (one, seme one'].

SlNO.

PLUR.

Masc. Fern. Netit.
NOM. tvei-r tvæ-r tvau (tvii)

GEN. tve-ggja in all genders

DAT. tvei-m or tvei-mr in all genders
Ace. tvá tvæ-r tvau(tvö)

Masc.

báð-ir
bc-gg

Fern.
báð-ar

in all g
bi'lð-UIU in all genders

búð-a báð-ar

NUMERALS (two, both, three, four).

Neut. Masc. Fern.
bœð-i

dors

bœð-i

brí-r þrj-úr
bri-ggia in al!
þri-ni or bri-nir in all g
þrj-i'i Jirj-ár

Other Pronouns: I. the demonstrative hinn, hin, hitt
(the other one] is declined like the article, only the neut. sing, with
-.'/. II. the possessive pronouns arc, 1. minn, min, mitt
(meus); binn, bin, þitt (tuns): the reflex, sinn, sin, sitt (SMKÍ). 2.
in dual sense ; okkar-r, okkur, okkat (nosier] ; ykkar-r, ykkur, ykkat
(venter). 3. in plur. sense ; vár-r, var, v;ir-t (noster) ; yðvar-r,
yður, yðar-t (vsster) ; declined as nokkurr, but contracted, e. g. yðrir.
In mod. usage these possessives in plur. and dual sense are rare, and
instead of them the gen. of the personal okkar, ykkar, yðar is used as
indeclinable. III. for the pronouns sami (weak) idem, sjálfr
ipse, neinn (no einn) nullus, einhverr every one, sumr some, engi no
one, annarr-hvurr one of the two, alternter, hvargi or hvarigr neither
of the two, neuter, hvurr-tveggja or hvárr-tveggi each, uterque (the
former part following the strong declension, the latter the weak),
þvílíkr and slikr such, tails, hvílíkr as, qualis: see the Diction-
ary. IV. as relatives the old language has only the particles
er and sem, see the Dictionary, pp. 131,132.

Remarks : 1. personal and demonstrative ; in the mod. lan-
guage ek etc. have become eg, mig, þig, sig, við, þið, vor; and lion or
hon has become him :—in the neut. pau is sounded bang, but seldom
spelt so:—old writers often use sju, as a common nom. for masc. and
fern., sjá maðr, that man, and sjá kona, that woman :—dat. fern, bcssi -—
þessari is used in old writers:—dat. sing. masc. þeim-a = þeirn, and dat.
sing. neut. því-sa occur in old prose and poems ; in Runes, þansi =
þenna. 2. interrogative and indefinite ; remains of an older declen-
sion are, hvat, what (still in full use) ; dat. hveim (poet, and obsolete) ;
hvi, why; hve, how, mod. also hversu; the mod. hvaða is curious,
being indeclinable throughout:—old form nekkverr or nakkverr
(necquerr, naquarr in the MSS.) : in mod. usage nokkurr, but con-
tracted before a vowel, e.g. nokkr-ir, nokkr-urn, etc.

Remarks on the Numerals: I. the cardinals; the first
four are declined, einn, tveir, etc.: the rest indeclinable, iîmni, sex,
sjau (mod. sjö), útta, níu, tíu, ellifu, tólf, þrettán, fjórtán, fimmtán,
sextan, sjautján (mod. sautján), átján, nítján, tuttugu (twenty), tuttugu
ok einn, etc.,—the decades first and then the smaller numbers: but
with the even decades, from twenty onwards, the reverse is common
iu Icel.,—einn og tuttugu (one and twenty),... tiu og tuttugu (' ten

and twenty'),... nitjrin og tnttugu ('nineteen and twenty'), fïörutín
(forty), einn og fjörutíu (one and forty), and so on to sixty, tht-n
from sixty to eighty, from eighty to ' tenty' (tíu-tíu = &w/fí/rø/), from
'tenty' to a hundred (i.e. tht; gross hundred, 120). Icel. children in
play, shepherds in counting their llocks, and fishermen in counting their
catch are sure to reckon in this way. From forty and upwards the
Danes say, tre-sinds-tyve ( —three times twenty = three score) for 60, /?r-
sinds-tyve (=fvur fcore) for 80, and balv (reds ( = three .-.core mitti/s
a half score) for 50, halv fjerds (=four score minus a half icore~] lor
70, halv ferns ( —- half thejifih score, i. c.fîve scnre minus a half) for
90; but not so in Sweden and Norway. The decades are in old
writers treated as independent words, and declined, þrír tigir, dat. þremr
tigum, ace. þrjá tigi, with a following genitive, e. g. flora tigi manna
(quadraginfa ' hominum'), etc.; in mod. usage indeclinable, brjá-tiu,
fjoru-tiu, fimm-tiu, se.x-tiu, sjii-tiu, átta-tiu, níu-tíu, tíu-tíu ('ten ten' i.e.
one hundred), but usually hundrað; both hundrað (hundred] and piisund
(thousand) are in old writers (and frcq. in mod.) declined and followed
bv a genitive, e. g. þúsund manna, tveim hundruðum skipa. II.
the ordinals ; fyrstr (q. v.), annarr (q. v.) : the rest only in the weak
declension, þriði, gen. dat. ace. þriðia, plur. þriðju indecl.; tïór-ði,
fimm-ti, set-ti, sjaun-di (mod. sjöun-di), át-ti (mod. attun-di), niun-
di, tíun-di, ellef-ti, tólf-ti, brettún-di, fjórtán-di,... tuttug-asti (twen-
tieth), þrítug-asti, fertug-asti,... nítug-asti, hun-drað-asti,... þúsund-
asti. III. distributives from I to 4; ein-ir (singiiti), tvenn-
ir (bini), brenn-ir (irini), fern-ir (quaterni), all as regular adjec-
tives. _t IV. multiplicatives, either tve-nnr (duplex), þre-nnr
(triplex), fer-n (quadniplex); or with -faldr, ein-faldr, tvau-faldr (two-
fold), þrí-faldr, fcr-faldr, . . . átt-faldr, ni-faldr, ti-faldr, . . . tvitug-
fuldr, britug-faldr, . . . hundrað-faldr, þnsund-faldr, all regular adjec-
tives. V. the adjectives in -tugr and -rœðr, denoting aged,
meat tiring, for the decades, from twenty and upwards : a. -tugr,
for the decades, from 2O to 70, tví-tugr, bri-tugr, fer-tugr, fimm-tugr,
sex-tugr, sjau-tugr. p. -rcedr, for the decades, from 80 to I2O, átt-
rœðr, ní-rceðr, tí-rœðr (centenarius), tólf-rœðr (numbering I2O), hence
tólf-rœtt hundrað = !2O, and tí-rcett hundrað=loo. VI.
numeral adverbs, tvisvar = 6i's, þrysvar = /r/s: the rest formed by sinai
or sinnum, (hues; fjorum-sinnum./oj/r limes = quater, etc.