|
Germanic Lexicon Project
Relations and Properties |
|
Relations
Following is an example of a relation between headwords in two different dictionaries:
Entries in the Germanic Lexicon Project search system can be annotated with relations to other entries. The "is cognate with" relation in the above example is one kind; there are many other kinds of relations.
We recognize two types of relations: symmetric and asymmetric. If a relation is symmetric, then for any (x,y) which is in the relation, (y,x) is in the relation as well. If a relationship is asymmetric, then if (x,y) is in the relation, (y,x) is NOT in the relation. For example, in human families, "is a sibling of" is a symmetric relation (if Jane is your sibling, then you are Jane's sibling as well), but "is a parent of" is an asymmetric relation (if Sally is your mother, you can't be Sally's mother).
Properties
We also allow entries to have properties. For example, a noun might belong to the class of a-stem nouns. We recognize an a-stem property and allow a headword to be associated with this property.
There are various kinds of properties. Some are morphological categories, such as a-stem nouns or preterite-present verbs. Some are semantic categories, such as words for colors or words for animals. Some are on various other points of interest.
Following are the relations and properties which we currently recognize. (Suggestions for additional relations and properties are welcome; post them to the Message Board.)
|
is a correction/extension on Type: asymmetric Dictionaries often contain a list of errata at the end. The "correction" relationship is a pointer from an entry in the main text to a correction on an errata page. Code: 1010 |
|
is same word as Type: symmetric This relation exists between two headwords in separate dictionaries which are about the same word in the same language. Thus, if there were two dictionaries about Gothic in the Search system, then this relation could be used to connect the headwords between the two dictionaries. At the present writing, there are no cases where the Search system contains multiple dictionaries about a single language, so this relation is not yet in use. Specifically, this relation should NOT be used to indicate that two words are cognate, which is a different relation. Code: 1015 |
|
is parent of Type: asymmetric In Fick/Falk/Torp 1909, the headwords are in a hierarchical arrangement; a "child" entry is morphologically derived from the "parent". The morphological derivation typically involves the addition of suffixes. Sometimes the derived word is in a different ablaut grade from its parent, and there can be different Verner's Law variants involved as well. Code: 1020 |
|
contains a see-also reference to Type: asymmetric Many dictionary entries contain a reference to specific other headwords. The reference can be denoted with "see also", "v.", etc. Code: 1025 |
|
is a reflex of Type: asymmetric Search for words with this property Code: 2010 |
|
is cognate with Type: symmetric Two words (which are not in the same language) are cognate just if are inherited from a single earlier word in a shared parent language. For example, English fish is cognate with German Fisch because both are inherited from Proto-Germanic *fiskaz. Code: 2015 |
|
is borrowed from Type: asymmetric A loan word is a word borrowed from another language. Note that borrowing is not the same thing as inheritance. Code: 2020 |
|
is morphologically derived from Type: asymmetric English modernize is morphologically derived from modern through the addition of the suffix -ize. Code: 2025 |
|
is a different ablaut grade of Type: symmetric Indo-European morphology is characterized by ablaut, or the changing of vowels in different forms of a word. English sing sang sung preserves an example of this old system. Code: 2050 |
|
is an s-mobile variant of Type: symmetric There is a poorly understood phenomenon where /s/ alternates with zero in Indo-European cognate sets. For example, English steer appears to be cognate with Latin taurus (notice that English has the /s/, and Latin does not). It is not the case that a particular daughter language always has (or never has) the /s/-variant; rather, the /s/-variants are scattered seemingly at random across daughter languages (so the alternation, whatever its cause, does not appear to be the product of regular sound change in any of the daughter languages). Code: 2055 |
|
is a synomym for Type: symmetric Search for words with this property Code: 3010 |
|
is an antonym of Type: symmetric Search for words with this property Code: 3015 |
|
is a hypernym of Type: asymmetric Search for words with this property Code: 3020 |
|
noun Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4005 |
|
adjective Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4010 |
|
pronoun Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4015 |
|
verb Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4020 |
|
adverb Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4025 |
|
preposition Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4030 |
|
conjunction Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4035 |
|
interjection Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4040 |
|
masculine Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4505 |
|
neuter Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4510 |
|
feminine Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 4515 |
|
a-stem Type: property This word is a noun of the a-stem class. An a-stem noun is either masculine or neuter. The stem of an a-stem noun ended with the vowel *a in Proto-Germanic, deriving from earlier PIE *o; however, the sound changes in the daughter languages often eliminated this *a, thus obscuring the rationale for the name of this morphological class. There are many a-stem nouns; it is one of the most common noun types in Germanic. Code: 5010 |
|
ja-stem Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5015 |
|
wa-stem Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5020 |
|
o-stem Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5025 |
|
jo-stem Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5030 |
|
i-stem Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5035 |
|
u-stem Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5040 |
|
weak noun Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5045 |
|
r-stem Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5050 |
|
nd-stem Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5055 |
|
strong verb Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5105 |
|
strong verb class I Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5110 |
|
strong verb class II Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5115 |
|
strong verb class III Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5120 |
|
strong verb class IV Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5125 |
|
strong verb class V Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5130 |
|
strong verb class VI Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5135 |
|
strong verb class VII Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5140 |
|
weak verb Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5150 |
|
weak verb class 1 Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5155 |
|
weak verb class 2 Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5160 |
|
weak verb class 3 Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5165 |
|
weak verb class 4 Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 5170 |
|
Tolkien Type: property The word is somehow relevant to the writings of the celebrated fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien. Tolkien was a specialist in Germanic linguistics, and many proper names and other words in his stories are from the early Germanic languages. Code: 6005 |
|
Wicca/Magick Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 6010 |
|
Christianity Type: property This word is somehow relevant to the Christian religion, e.g. a type of ecclesiatical official, a technical theological term, etc. Code: 6015 |
|
Agriculture Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7010 |
|
Animals Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7015 |
|
Body Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7020 |
|
Clothing Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7025 |
|
Color Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7030 |
|
Death Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7035 |
|
Emotion Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7040 |
|
Food Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7045 |
|
Family Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7050 |
|
Health Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7055 |
|
House Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7060 |
|
Land Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7065 |
|
Metal Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7070 |
|
Music Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7075 |
|
Number Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7080 |
|
Plants Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7085 |
|
Religion Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7090 |
|
Sea Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7095 |
|
Boating Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7100 |
|
Sky Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7105 |
|
Law Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7110 |
|
Technology Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7115 |
|
Tree Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7120 |
|
Warfare Type: property Search for words with this property Code: 7125 |